This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. The NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by the NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.
After Golwalkar rejoined the RSS, Hedgewar apparently began grooming him for leadership and he was placed in charge of the All-India Officers' Training Camp from 1937 to 1939. Golwalkar's abilities (managing complex details of the large camp, public speaking, reading and writing) were appreciated. In 1938, he was asked to translate G. D. Savarkar's 1934 Marathi language Rashtra Mimansa (Nationalism) into Hindi and English. The resulting book, We, or Our Nationhood Defined, was published in Golwalkar's name and regarded as a systematic treatment of RSS ideology;[20] the claim that it was an abridged translation was only made by Golwalkar in a 1963 speech.[21] However, a comparative analysis of Marathi language Rashtra Mimansa and "We, or Our Nationhood Defined" shows that the later was indeed not a translation, but only text inspired by the former. Specifically, the pro-Nazi ideas were Golwalkar's own.[22]
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The mechanism of action of the excimer laser, similar to the action of UVB light, induces apoptosis in keratinocytes and T lymphocytes. The absorption of 308 nm wavelength induces DNA breakage, upregulation of the tumor suppressor gene p53, and subsequent reduction of proto-oncogene Bcl-2, leading to cell cycle arrest in keratinocytes and T lymphocytes.1 This breaks the positive feedback loop and halts the psoriatic disease cycle created by the activated T lymphocytes. Furthermore, Kagen et al demonstrated that very high doses of excimer laser treatment in psoriatic lesions reduced the numbers of pathogenic memory/effector T cells infiltrating lesional epidermis and dermis.7
In addition to plaque psoriasis, the 308 nm laser is useful in the treatment of intertriginous psoriasis as demonstrated by a few case reports.23,24 Recently, split scalp studies have shown beneficial results of the laser in treating scalp psoriasis. Resolution in these patients generally requires more treatments than non-intertriginous psoriatic lesions. For example, one study demonstrated improvement with 21 sessions.25,26
The 308 nm can also be used in the treatment of mild to moderate plaque psoriasis in children. A recent study by Pahlajani et al compares the safety and efficacy of the excimer laser for the treatment of mild to moderate plaque localized psoriasis in adults and children. On average, 12.5 (SD 2.64) treatments were needed for resolution in children, while 9.7 (SD 2.53) sessions were needed for adults. Common side effects associated with the laser were consistent with side effects seen in adult patients and included: hyperpigmentation, blistering, erosions, pain, and koebnerization.31 In general, side effects were more typical in the adult population with the most common one being erosions. Hyperpigmentation was the most common side effect in the pediatric group. Future studies pertaining to the safety of the 308 nm laser in the treatment of psoriasis will presumably include continued modification of the treatment protocol to reduce the number of treatments needed for plaque resolution, while still resulting in longer periods of plaque remission.
In a comparative study involving 13 patients with treatment refractory scalp psoriasis, the excimer laser was used for treatment in conjunction with a hair blow-dryer to help move the hair and deliver optimum laser penetration. Half of the scalp received excimer laser treatment, whereas the other half of the scalp served as a control. Over 15 weeks the difference in mean modified PASI scores between the excimer laser-treated site and the control site was statistically significant (P
In another 12-week study Levin et al treated moderate to severe psoriasis patients with twice weekly excimer treatments combined with twice daily clobetasol propionate followed by calcitriol ointment twice daily. Of the 21 patients who completed the protocol, 76% achieved at least PASI-75 by week 12. This again supports the viability of using the excimer laser in combination treatment with other treatment modalities for psoriasis.42
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This extraordinary story of discovery begins in 1955, when NCI created the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center (CCNSC) in response to a call for increased cancer screening and treatment programs. At its inception, CCNSC mostly analyzed known and synthetic compounds. By 1960, NCI expanded the center through a partnership with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to search for possible cancer cures from natural plant and animal products. Between 1960 and 1981, researchers collected and tested an incredible 30,000 samples under this program.
NCI-funded research delivers a breakthrough discovery with paclitaxel (Taxol), a cancer drug from the bark of the Pacific yew tree that expands treatment options for patients with breast and ovarian cancers.
It is a serious disease, and It occurs in the pre-emergence and the post-emergency phase. High humidity condition, heavy rainfall poor water drain soil and low temperature this are the favorable condition for this diseasecontrolSeed treatment with Thiram or Captan at 2.5-3 gm/kg of seed.
One can define ventilatory mode as the process by which the mechanical ventilator determines, either partially or fully, when the mechanical breaths are to be provided to the patient, thus determining the breathing pattern of the patient during mechanical ventilation. For the purposes of classification, there is still a need for an international consensus or standardization as there remains non-standardized and confusing terminology. This is compounded by the adoption of different commercial brand names by manufacturers of mechanical ventilators, often for modes with similar functionality. In 2010, about 54 names of respiratory "modes" were available in 49 brands of mechanical ventilators. This scenario creates challenges in the adequate training of healthcare professionals, at times leading to the inappropriate management of the most common ventilation modes, and even endangering the lives of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.
The A/C-VCV mode is normally chosen immediately after tracheal intubation when the patient is sedated or under a neuromuscular blocker. There are two advantages to beginning in this mode rather than A/C-PCV: it is easier to determine respiratory mechanics (refer to the corresponding chapter on this topic) and secondly, and perhaps more importantly, the alveolar pressure is under greater control since this is always determined by the relationship between the VT and the static compliance of the respiratory system. Above all, the use of a protective ventilation strategy, using low VTs in patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), can be done more easily and safely in A/C-VCV mode. Special attention to airway pressure variation pause in this ventilatory mode should be given. Therefore, the pressure alarm should be adjusted carefully.
The A/C-PCV mode can also be an excellent option for predominantly assisted ventilation when the patient exhibits respiratory muscle effort, for example, during a transition phase in the process of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Special attention, however, should be given to monitoring the VT in this ventilatory mode. The alarm for VT minimum and maximum should be carefully adjusted.
The PSV mode is typically used for weaning, where PS is reduced gradually while evaluating the patient's ability to adapt to increasingly lower levels until a minimum value is reached, usually between 7 to 10cmH2O or a value just enough to neutralize the resistance impored by the artificial airway. Because only assisted cycles are offered the apnea alarm with backup ventilation should be carefully adjusted.
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Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, \r\nan acid-fast, rod-shaped bacillus. The disease mainly affects the skin, \r\nthe peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the \r\neyes.\r\nLeprosy is curable and treatment in the early stages can prevent \r\ndisability. 2ff7e9595c
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